Q.+Angiosperms+Structure+(35)

Group Members: Aaron Zalewski, Matthew Yang, Adele Padgett, Christine Zhao, Jonah May, Ellen Zhou

Review Videos
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( If you double click this video and go to the actual youtube video page, in the description there's a good written summary of the flower structures along with their functions.) media type="youtube" key="pHNc-8GaURU" height="346" width="462"

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Song about plants! Includes lots of information about other aspects of angiosperms in addition to structure. media type="youtube" key="_KKw3UavsPA" height="315" width="560"

=Target a:=

** Roots **
Functions: Unique Adaptations Functions Unique Adaptations Functions: Unique Adaptations
 * Anchors vascular plant to soil
 * Absorbs minerals and water
 * Often Stores carbohydrates
 * **Taproots**: The main vertical root (develops from an embryonic root_ that mostly stores sugars and starches. Penetrate deeply and are well adapted to areas where groundwater is not near the surface
 * **Lateral roots**(branch roots): fibrous root system arises from mat of thin roots that spread out below surface. Best suited to shallow soils or light rainfall areas
 * **Root hairs:** Thin tubular extension of a root epidermal cell that increases the surface area of the root to increase absorption
 * **Modified roots:** roots that develop from roots, stems, or leaves that either provide more support, store nutrients, or absorb oxygen from the air (pneumatophores)
 * **Root cap**: protects root meristem (area of growth)
 * Stems **
 * 1) Transport materials (food, water, minerals) of plants
 * 2) Support for elevation of leaves
 * 3) Some modified stems have functions such as food storage and asexual reproduction (plant growth)
 * 4) Green stems can do photosynthesis, but not main function
 * Stem made of **nodes** and **internodes**
 * **nodes:** points where leaves are attached
 * **internodes**: segments between nodes
 * **Axillary buds:** At the upper angle (axil) formed by each leaf and the stem. Structure that can form a lateral shoot called the branch
 * **Apical buds** (terminal buds): branch tip or stem top which elongates the branch/stem
 * **Apical dominance:**apical bug inhibits axillary bud growth, so that the plant is concentrated on elongation for increased exposure to light.
 * - Removal of apical buds lead to more shoots, or more bushy plant
 * Modified stems:
 * - Rhizome: horizontal shoot that grows below the ground surface
 * - Bulbs: underground shoots, enlarged bases of leaves, that store food
 * - Stolons: horizontal shoots that grow along the surface, allowing plants to reproduce asexually (plantlets form at nodes)
 * - Tubers: enlarged ends of rhizomes/stolons that store food
 * Leaves **
 * Photosynthesis
 * Some leaves have additional functions such as protections (spines), support, storage, secretion, capturing insects for nitrogen, or reproduction
 * Leaf consist of flattened **blade** and stalk called **petiole**that joins leaf to stem at node
 * Grasses and many monocots lack petioles, base of leaf is a sheath that envelops the stem.
 * **Veins:**vascular tissue of leaves
 * Monocots and eudicots differ in veins.
 * Leaf shape: Simple leaf, Compound leaf, or Doubly compound leaf
 * [[image:35_06-SimpleCompoundLeaf-L.jpg width="160" height="228"]]
 * Many large leaves are compound/doubly compound, enables large leaves to withstand strong wind with less tearing
 * May also confine pathogens to a single leaflet rather than the whole leaf
 * Specialized leaf adaptations:
 * Support (tendrils)
 * Protection (spines)
 * Storage
 * Reproduction
 * Bracts on poinsettia attract pollinators

Here's a practice chart to summarize target A. The first chart is for you to fill out and the second two pages are the answers that I filled in.

**Target B: **
Types of Plant Cells Quiz: Choose the type of cell described by the question: Parenchyma, sclerenchyma, or collenchyma.
 * 1) These types of cells cannot lengthen, and therefore provide support for areas of plants that are no longer undergoing primary growth
 * 2) Lacks lignin in order to provide support without restricting plant growth
 * 3) Carries out many of the metabolic processes of the plant, including photosynthesis
 * 4) The most rigid of the cell types, these cells have lignin and strong secondary walls to provide support for the plant
 * 5) The least specialized cell type structurally, these cells can divide to create other types of plant cells when necessary
 * 6) These cells provide support for younger portions of the plant shoot
 * 7) The majority of both of these types of cells lack secondary walls (Requires two answers)
 * 8) This type of cell includes two specialized types of cells that serve only the purpose of support and strengthening for the plant. BONUS: What are the names of these two types of specialized cells?
 * 9) Usually has a large central vacuole because this type of cell is used for storing organic products, such as starch
 * 10) These cells lengthen along with the stems and leaves that these cells are a part of in order to provide flexible support
 * 11) Many of these cells are dead at functional maturity

Answers: (P = parenchyma, S = sclerenchyma, C = collenchyma) 1) S; 2) C; 3) P; 4) S; 5) P; 6) C; 7) P, C; 8) S, Bonus: Sclereids and Fibers; 9) P; 10) C; 11) S

Here is a venn diagram for the three different cell types. I fit in as much information in as possible, but feel free to make and fill in your own venn diagram. I apologize in advance if the file doesn't work or shows up as a blank document, there seems to be a problem with the file on certain computers.



**More From Figure 35.10: Cells of the Xylem and Phloem**
Here's a quiz on the figure 35.10 water-conducting cells of the xylem and sugar-conducting cells of the phloem sections. Highlight the red blocks for answers.


 * 1) The two different kinds of water-conducting cells are tracheids and vessel elements.
 * 2) Sugar-conducting cells are alive at functional maturity.
 * 3) Sieve-tube elements don't have many common cell contents, such as ribosomes, nuclei, vacuoles, or cytoskeletal elements, so that molecules can pass through the cells more easily.
 * 4) Water-conducting cells are dead at functional maturity.
 * 5) There are sieve plates with pores at the end walls of sieve-tube elements, in order to allow fluid to move easily from cell to cell.
 * 6) Usually short and wide, vessel elements have perforation plates at their ends to allow water movement.
 * 7) The micropipes in vessel elements are called vessels.
 * 8) The nucleus and ribosomes of a companion c el l can also function in the bordering sieve-tube element, and some times also helps load sugars into the sieve-tube elements.
 * 9) Usually long and thin, tracheids have pits through which water moves.

=**TARGET C: Functions of the four tissue type plants**=

Dermal Tissue System
Function Made up of:
 * Plant outer protective covering
 * Helps prevent water loss and protect from disease
 * **epidermis**-layer of tightly packed cells
 * **cuticle**-waxy coating on the epidermal surface=>prevents water loss
 * **periderm**-(woody plants) protective tissue that replace epidermis of older regions of the plant

Vascular Tissue System
Function Made up of:
 * Carry out long-distance transport of materials
 * Two types of vascular tissues: **xylem** and **phloem**
 * **phloem**-vascular tissue that transports sugar from where they are made (the leaves) to where they are needed (areas of growth)
 * **xylem**-conducts water and dissolved minerals upward from roots
 * together (phloem and xylem) known as the **stele**
 * **vascular cylinder**-solid central stele (for roots)
 * **vascular bundles**-separate strands of stele (for stems and leaves)

Ground Tissue System
Function: Made up of:
 * Non-dermal or non-vascular tissues-->specialized functions
 * Storage, photosynthesis, and support
 * **pith**-internal to the vascular tissue
 * **cort__ex__**-__ex__ternal to the vascular tissue

Meristematic Tissue
Function: Made up of:
 * used for **indeterminate growth**-growth that occurs throughout a plants life
 * **meristems**-embryonic tissues for as long as the plant lives

Target C Review Quiz
1. The function of__ the dermal tissue __is to protect the plant from disease and prevent water loss. 2. Specifically, __ the cuticle __, a waxy covering, prevents the water loss. 3. The __ ground tissue __, does various functions of the plant such as photosynthesis, storage, and support. 4. The __ meristematic tissue ___ allows for the plant to have indeterminate growth for as long as the plant lives. 5. The __ xylem ___ and the phloem _ make up the vascular tissues. They are involved in transport of water and nutrients throughout the plant. = = Here's a chart to categorize the four different types of tissues. The first page of the document has a blank chart and the second page has a chart I filled in.



= **TARGET D: Primary and Secondary Growth** = Primary Growth: Growth in //length// produced by apical meristems. It occurs in all plants. Primary Growth in Roots
 *  **Apical meristem** provides additional cells at the tip of the root that allow the root to grow in length
 *  **Root cap** is on the end of the root and allows the root to push through the soil. Root cap also secretes a lubricant to ease pushing through the soil
 *  Three zones in the root are used for primary growth of roots.
 * 1) Zone of Cell Division: new root cells produced here at the apical meristem
 * 2) Zone of Elongation: cells elongate in this zone and push the root deeper into the soil
 * 3) Zone of Differentiation: new cells mature and become distinct cell types
 *  Primary growth in roots produces all three types of vascular tissue, ground, dermal and vascular
 *  Primary growth in roots also includes the formation of lateral roots that arise from the **pericycle**

Primary Growth in Shoots Secondary Growth: Growth in //thickness// caused by lateral meristems. It occurs only in the roots and stems of woody plants. Secondary Growth with Vascular Cambium Secondary Growth with Cork Cambium
 *  The primary growth in roots comes from the apical meristem that forms new cells at the tip of the shoot
 *  Leaves develop from **leaf primordia** Leaf primordia are finger-like projections on the side of the apical meristem
 *  The **vascular cambium** is a ring of **lateral meristem** inside of the stem. It adds layers of **secondary xylem** (wood) on the inside of the ring and **secondary phloem** on the outside of the ring.
 *  As the tree thickens, the innermost layers of secondary xylem become inactive. This region is called heartwood
 *  The newer secondary xylem, closest to the vascular cambium transport water
 *  The secondary phloem is on the outside of the vascular cambium, near edges of the tree’s trunk. Only the newest secondary phloem transports sugars.
 *  The secondary phloem doesn’t accumulate like secondary xylem does
 *  The **cork cambium** replaces the epidermis of the stem with tougher **periderm**
 *  As the stem thickens, layers of secondary phloem and bark fall off and the cork cambium forms another layer of periderm

Here's a chart to summarize the 4 tissues in target d. The first page is a blank chart and the second page is the same chart with answers I filled in.

=**TARGET E: Tissue Arrangements in Secondary Stems**= First page has the crossword puzzle and second page is the answer key.
 * A crossword puzzle on the the tissues in a stem and how they are arranged**

**Given the word bank, label the following diagram**


__Word Bank__ (words may be used multiple times or not at all) Check your answer in Campbell on page 752. =**TARGET F: Dicot vs Monocot**=
 * Epidermis || Primary phloem || Vascular cambium || Pith ||
 * Primary xylem || Secondary phloem || Root cap || Periderm ||
 * Secondary xylem || Pericycle || Cortex || Endodermis ||

Review Quizzes

http://www.glencoe.com/qe/science.php?qi=2513

http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/plants/quiz.html

Review Notes

http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/labs/plantanatomy.htm (Notes on Roots, Shoots, Cell Types, Tissue Types, Growth,) http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/plants/basic.html

Review Activities (Best when printed)