M.+Genetics+(14-15)

__**Target I- Mendelian Inheritance Patterns**__ //Ch 14- Pages 262-271 and 276-278// 1. Distinguish between genes, alleles, and traits. 2. Describe the genotype of a pure breeding organism and the genotype of a hybrid organism. 3. Define, describe, and relate to meiosis each of Mendel’s three laws: Law of Dominance, Law of Independent Assortment, & Law of Segregation. 4. Perform, interpret results, determine probability, genotypic ratios, phenotypic ratios, and recognize patterns for a variety of monohybrid crosses that follow Mendelian patterns of inheritance. 5. Perform, interpret results, determine probability, genotypic ratios, phenotypic ratios, and recognize patterns for a variety of dihybrid crosses that follow Mendelian patterns of inheritance. 6. Draw, interpret, and determine inheritance patterns for traits presented in a pedigree. 7. Perform crosses, analyze results of, and identify mode of inheritance human genetic diseases including: cystic fibrosis, Tay-Sach’s disease, Albinism, and Sickle cell disease.

__**Target II- Non-Mendelian Inheritance Patterns and Chromosomal Inheritance**__ //Ch 14- Pages 272-275 and Ch 15- Pages 286-300// 1. Distinguish between incomplete dominance and co-dominance. 2. Define, perform crosses of, and interpret results of crosses that do **not** follow Mendelian inheritance patterns such as incomplete dominance, co-dominance, multiple alleles, epistatic interactions of genes, and polygenic inheritance. 3. Draw, interpret, and determine inheritance patterns for traits presented in a pedigree. 4. Identify mode of inheritance, perform crosses for, and analyze results involving human genetic diseases including Huntington’s disease (Huntington’s chorea), achondroplasia, and polydactyly. 5. Perform, recognize results of, and analyze results of crosses involving sex-linked traits. 6. Perform, recognize results of, and analyze results of crosses involving linked traits. 7. Create or interpret a linkage map when given # of recombinants or map unit distances between linked genes. 8. Describe human sex-linked genetic diseases including Duchenne muscular dystrophy and hemophilia, and describe mode of inheritance as sex-linked dominant or sex-linked recessive. 9. Define Barr body and explain how Barr bodies create a tortoiseshell coat in cats. 10. Define non-disjunction, relate non-disjunction to cell division, describe results of non-disjunction, and identify syndromes associated with non-disjunction.

__**Brightstorm Video Cache**__ This is a link to a page containing Brightstorm videos related to the topic of genetics and inheritance. These ten videos should help to cover any topics that you are having trouble with. Brightstorm Videos

__**Mendelian Inheritance Patterns/Laws**__

Flash cards for target I []

How to use a Punnett Square for a monohybrid cross (very easy to understand): media type="youtube" key="prkHKjfUmMs" height="315" width="560"

Here is an interactive animation for Mendelian Inheritance __[]__

Link to animation explaining dihybrid crosses: [] This is a crossword puzzle for ta__rget I. __

This is a completed crossword puzzle that can be used to check your work

This is a simulation to test Mendelian crosses. NOTE: Both of the parents will always be homogeneous in the simulations. []

Link to even MORE practice problems including mono/dihybrid crosses, epistasis, linked genes, sex-linked genes, polygenic traits, etc. []

__**Party in the Punnett Square**-__ This girl does an amazing job at explaining Mendelian crosses to the tune of "Party in the USA" media type="youtube" key="0U53kCSDgis" height="315" width="420" Party in the punnet square lyrics:

Link to an animation explaining Mendelian Crosses __[]__

A quiz to self-check what you have learned so far: __[]__

Practice problems related to monohybrid and dihybrid mendelian crosses: http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/inheritance/problems.html

Website with good descriptions on Mendel's 3 laws. There is also a quiz at the bottom relating to many of Target 1 concepts http://www.hobart.k12.in.us/jkousen/Biology/mendel.htm

__**Pedigrees:**__ An informative video giving background info for pedigrees, the different types of inheritance patterns that can be represented on a pedigree, and some guided examples! media type="youtube" key="Ir1t9awmUl4" height="360" width="480" align="left"

Another useful video on classifying pedigrees: media type="youtube" key="2930XAuGXCI" height="315" width="560"

Pedigree animation that discusses sex-linked an autosomal traits []

Link with images explaining pedigrees and practice interpreting inheritance shown in pedigrees: http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/bio%20101/Bio%20101%20Laboratory/Pedigree%20Analysis/PEDIGREE.HTM

Pedigree practice questions Pedigree practice questions answers

__**Genetic Disorders**__ Genetic Disorders chart-

Some diseases on the chart are autosomal recessive. Autosomal recessive Is a link to a site that explains how autosomal recessive diseases work, what they are, and lists a few examples.

Link to animations on how certain genetic disorders arise- discusses the concepts of nondisjunction, monosomy, trisomy, karyotypes, and a quick review on meiosis and fertilization. (NOTE- please stop when you reach "Missing pieces: deletions of chromosome sections" as the information that follows in not covered in the targets :) ) __http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/traits/predictdisorder/index.html__

__**Barr Bodies**__ Link to explanations of Barr Bodies and genetic disorders []

Another link explaining Barr Bodies, specifically in tortoiseshell cats: []

The cats' coloring is located on their X chromosome.Mostly females are calico cats because they have access to two X chromosomes, unlike males, and can have the influence of two different color genes. Because females have two X chromosomes, they have one Barr body (n-1), which is the X chromosome which is inactivated because two X chromosomes can not be active in the same cell.

Link to an experiment with a great explantation of Barr bodies and Calico cats []


 * __Nondisjunction__**

Link to diagrams and explanation of how nondisjunction occurs in meosis: __http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/bio%20101/Bio%20101%20Laboratory/Human%20Genetics%201/Photographs_of_beads/photographs_of_beads.htm__

Good animations about nondisjunction (Edit: I checked the normal genetics wiki and some of these are also on there, but its important to be able to visualize nondisjunction) McGraw Hill: [] Meiosis I animation: [] Meiosis II animation: []

Link to a website with information regarding several of the genetic disorders in the targets- discusses both the genotypic and phenotypic information behind them. __http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/disorders/whataregd/__

Flash cards for genetic disorders and non-mendelian inheritance: []

__**Sex-linked Inheritance**__ Short video explaining sex-linked genes and giving a few examples of such diseases media type="youtube" key="H1HaR47Dqfw" height="315" width="560"

Sex-linked inheritance practice problems (with answers) :

__**Genetic Linkage**__ Genetic Linkage Map



A genetic linkage map is used to show the location of traits on a chromosome. With the individual location of genes on a chromosome, we can understand the significance of certain genes of organisms we study and discover linkages between the genes.

One recognizes linked genes when the genotype for a cross of several traits seems to follow an odd pattern. In linked gene problems, we can calculate the distance between the linked genes in terms of map units (m.u.). The map unit distance between two linked genes is equal to the percentage of recombinantions. For example, lets say we cross 100 crosses of the trait AaBb x aabb. we would expect 25% AaBb, 25% Aabb,25% aaBb, 25% aabb. However, for example, we observe there are 47 AaBb 3 Aabb, 2 aaBb, and 48 aabb. In this case, 5/100=5% of the crosses were recombinations, so the map distance would be 5 m.u.

An explanation of Genetic Linkage and linkage maps []

Information on genetic linkage pertaining to roses []

Animation and quiz explaining linked-genes []

Genetic Linkage practice Problems (with solutions) []

Recombination animation []

Flash cards for non-mendelian genetics []

__**Practice Problems related to the entire unit-**__
 * Remember to think about the differences between mendelian/non-mendelian inheritance and pay attention to the key words given to you in the question! Use a separate sheet of paper to actually work out the problems.

Genetics Practice Problems worksheet one

Genetics Practice Problems worksheet one answers

Genetics Worksheet 2 (Answers inside):

Here are practice problems 1: If martians can be either square(SS/Ss) or round(ss) and have two ears(EE/Ee) or three(ee), then what are the genotypic and phenotypic ratios of potential offspring of martian parents Ssee and ssEe?

//2:// If horses can either be Gray(GG), white(WW), or some gray and some white(GW) what would be the likelihood of parents GW and GW producing white offspring?

//3:// If a father with type B blood(I B i) and mother with type A blood(I A I A ) produce a son reproduces with a woman with type B blood(I B i) to produce a child with Type O blood(ii), what must be the genotype of the type O child's father?

//4//: If a kind of fish can be Blue(BB), Yellow(bb), or Green(Bb), what are the phenotypic ratios of all of the potential offspring of two green parents?

//5//: If a woman who is a carrier of hemophilia and a man who does not have the disease produce 6 female offspring, how many will have the disease? How many will be carriers?

6: If a colorblind male marries a woman who is not colorblind and is not a carrier (homozygous), what is the genotypic and phenotypic ratio of their offspring?

7: A man who is heterozygous for brown eyes (Bb) and brown hair (Hh) marries a woman with blonde hair and blue eyes. What is the phenotypic ratio for their offspring?

8. In a species of aliens, having long index fingers (L) is dominant to short index fingers ( l ). However, the ability to have fingers is controlled by another gene at a separate locus. The ability to have fingers (F) is dominant to not having fingers (f). If two aliens heterozygous for both genes, what are the possible genotypic and phenotypic ratios of their children?

9. Determine the order of the genes on the chromosome based on the given recombinant frequencies (HINT- higher frequency = further apart on the chromosome) Alleles D and A: 10% D and C: 40% D and B: 25% C and A: 50% A and B: 35%

10. 3 alleles exist for the skin color of a martian. M^R codes for red, M^Y codes for yellow, and M^b codes for blue. Red is dominant over yellow, and both are dominant over blue. Therefore, a blue martian must have the genotype M^b M^b. Determine the genotypic and phenotypic ratios of the offspring of the cross between M^R M^b x M^Y M^b

11. In Martians, Red skin color (R) is dominant over white (r), but there is also a gene such that if the plant has a “D”, the Red color can show. If the Martian is “dd,” the red does not express itself and the creature will be white anyway. If two heterozygous red martians with Dd alleles mate, calculate the genotype and phenotype ratios of their offspring.

Answers: 1:Genotypic ratios: 1/4 SsEe, 1/4 Ssee, 1/4 ssEe, 1/4 ssee Phenotypic ratios: 1/4 square, two ears; 1/4 square, three ears; 1/4 round, 2 ears; 1/4 round, 3 ear

2: 25%

3: I^i

4: 25% Blue, 50% Green, 25% Yellow

5: None will have the disease. 3 will be carriers.

6: genotypic ratio: 2 X^C X^c: 2 X^C Y, phenotypic ratio: 2 normal vision, carrier females: 2 normal vision males

7:1/4 brown eyes brown hair, 1/4 brown eyes blonde hair, 1/4 blue eyes brown hair, 1/4 blue eyes blonde hair

8. genotypic ratio: 1 LLFF: 2 LLFf: 1 LLff: 2 LlFF: 4 LlFf: 2 Llff: 1 llFF: 2 llFf: 1 llff phenotypic: 9 long finger: 3 short finger: 4 no fingers

9. ADBC

10. genotypic ratio: 1 M^R M^Y: 1 M^R M^b: 1 M^Y M^b: 1 M^b M^b phenotypic ratio: 2 red: 1 yellow: 1 blue

11. Genotypic 1:2:1:2:4:2:1:2:1

Phenotypic 9:3:3:1 (see table for labels on numbers)
 * RRDD || 1 ||  || R-D- || =Red || 9 ||   ||
 * RRDd || 2 ||  || R-cc || =White because of cc || 3 ||   ||
 * RRdd || 1 ||  || rrC- || =White because of rr || 3 ||   ||
 * RrDD || 2 ||  || rrcc || =White because of both rr and cc || 3 ||   ||
 * RdDd || 4 ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * Rrdd || 2 ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * rrDD || 1 ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * rrDd || 2 ||  ||   ||   ||   ||>   ||
 * rrdd || 1 ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||