J.+Prokaryotes+(27)

= = = General Info About Prokaryotes: = Here is a great quizlet, it doesn't merely give definitions it has questions and answers to them. This way the students can play the games and do the other quizlet activities. []

[] mcgraw-hill quiz on bacteria

http://www.quizmoz.com/quizzes/Science-Quizzes/p/Prokaryotic-Cell-Quiz.asp : General quiz on prokaryotes

http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/dl/free/007352543x/632578/Chapter20.html : Prokaryote terms on flashcards

Here's a set of youtube videos for some general characteristics of Prokaryotic Bacteria for review: []

http://www.nature.com/scitable/definition/prokaryote-procariote-18 You can explore this website to get a lot of information about general information and is very organized to find things that you are having trouble with. http://reviewgamezone.com/game.php?id=2496
 * Here is a Fantastic site with lots of fun and interactive games to review Prokaryotes!**

Here is another Cross Word Puzzle

If you cant read the above puzzle, here is a picture of it enlarged


=Organelles, Organization of DNA, Modes of Reproduction, and Modes of Nutrition in Prokaryotes (Target 1):= Here's a helpful interactive cell to examine parts of the bacterial cell: []

Here's a great narrated animation about binary fission: []

Prokaryotes are either autotrophs or heteroautotrophs. Specifically, they can be photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs, photoheterotrophs, or chemoheterotrophs. This chart from our textbook gives a pretty clear description of different modes of Prokaryotic nutrition: <-- Here's a useful worksheet I created so you can test your skills!

[[file:Venn Diagram.jpg]] **<-- Here is a Venn Diagram comparing Prokaryotes to Eukaryotes**
=Domain Bacteria vs. Domain Archaea (Target 2):= Classification of prokaryotes is based upon three factors: a. where they live b. what metabolic processes / biochemical pathways they perform (type of photosynthetic pigment, if any) c. their mode of nutrition: auto vs. heterotroph, chemoauto vs. photoauto, etc ** OR ** Archaebacteria vs. Eubac teria **Archae** are extremeophiles that live in habitats that resemble conditions of the early earth including hot springs, deep sea vents, etc. The Archaea can be chemoautotrophs deriving energy from molecules such as H2S. Most **Eubacteria** live in normal conditions found throughout the planet such as in soil, salt and freshwater, terrestrial habitats, and many are parasites of animals, plants

Here's a chart comparing Archae and Bacteria and what characteristics each has:



If you are still confused on Archaea then watch this video which serves as a good summary (mute the music if you find it disruptive):

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This video explains the evolutionary differences between Archaea and Bacteria, how they evolved differently: []

=How Prokaryotic Cells are Classified (shape, clustering)(Target 3):=

Here is an extra video about bacteria shape and also their locomotion/characteristics: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6p9e0oolbmE And here's a quick review of bacteria shape and clustering: http://www.brighthub.com/education/homework-tips/articles/69726.aspx Extra quiz w/ animation about cell shapes http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/007337525x/student_view0/exercise9/procaryotic_cell_shapes.html

[[file:Shapes.jpg]] <-- Here is a picture that shows the different shapes of Prokaryotes
=Ecological Roles and Significance of Prokaryotes (decomposers, symbiosis, mutualism, host, symbiont, commensalism, parasitism, parasite, pathogen, extremophiles)(Target 4):=

If Humans were to disappear-few species would be driven to extinction If Prokaryotes were to disappear-many species would be driven to extinction

Prokaryotes:

 * **DECOMPOSERS** - they break down corpses, dead vegetation, and waste products to create a supply of carbon, nitrogen, and other elements. Without this...ALL life would cease and we would die! (ex: Chemoheterotrophic prokaryotes are decomposers)
 * Can also convert inorganic compounds to forms that are usable by other organisms (Ex: Autotrophic prokaryotes use CO2 to make organic compounds. Cyanobacteria produce O2)
 * Perform __Nitrogen Fixation__ - process of fixing atmospheric nitrogen into forms usable for other organisms in order to make proteins and nucleic acids

Role in Ecological interactions:
- Prokaryotes are small, often form symbiotic relationships with larger organisms - The larger organism = Host - The smaller organism = Symbiont - Parasites that cause disease - Pathogens - Pathogenic prokaryotes are bacteria - cause diseases by releasing exotoxins (secreted proteins) or endotoxins (lipopolysaccharide components of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria)
 * Symbiosis : (Greek: Living Together) A relationship in which 2 species live in close contact with one another
 * Mutualism : Interaction in which both the species benefit
 * Commensalism : Relationship in which 1 species benefits while the other is not harmed or helped
 * Parasitism : Relationship in which a parasite eats the cell contents, tissues, or body fluids of its host. In this relationship, 1 species benefits while the other is harmed.

Archaea:
- Extreme halophiles - Live in really salty environments - Extreme thermophiles - Live in really hot environments - Methanogens - Use CO2 to oxidize H2 and release methane
 * The first prokaryotes assigned to domain Archaea live in extreme environments - Extremophiles ("Lovers of extreme conditions")

Here's a crossword puzzle with Ecological Significance terms about Prokaryotes. Here's the answers to the above crossword!

=Conjugation, Transformation, Transduction (Target 5):=

This video is extremely complete in covering Conjugation, Transformation, and Transduction of bacterias. It begins with going over binary fission; however, if you feel like you have a solid understanding of binary fission begin the video at 2:17. [|Click here for the Video]

Basic Info:

 * Conjugation - The direct transfer of genetic material between two bacterial cells that are temporarily joined in which the donor uses sex pili to attach to the recipient
 * Transformation - The alternation of a bacterial cell's genotype and possibly phenotype by the uptake of foreign DNA from its surroundings
 * Transduction - When phages (viruses that infect bacteria) carry bacterial genes from one host cell into another

[[image:http://www.bio.davidson.edu/Courses/Molbio/MolStudents/spring2003/Siegenthaler/fig2.gif width="363" height="209"]]
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/007352543x/student_view0/chapter20/bacterial_transformation.html: Transformation animation and quiz

http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/007352543x/student_view0/chapter20/bacterial_conjugation.html: Conjugation animation and quiz

=Cell Wall Structure of Bacteria (gram positive, gram negative, peptidoglycan, capsule) (Target 6):= Gram-Positive Bacteria: Gram-Negative Bacteria:
 * Less complex structure
 * Thick layer of peptidoglycan around the plasma membrane
 * Shows up purple when Gram stained because the bacteria's peptidoglycan absorbs all the dye
 * More complex structure
 * Thinner layer of peptidoglycan sandwiched between the outer membrane and the plasma membrane
 * Shows up pink when Gram stained because the bacterial wall doesn't retain the dye very well

Here's a good diagram from the textbook: