G.+Cellular+Respiration+(9)


 * Quizlet flashcards on all the important vocab**

Mitochondria

Mitchondria Review: What process takes place in the Matrix of the Mitochondria? What process takes place in the cristae of the inner membrane of the Mitochondria? What process takes place outside of the mitochondria? What does the double membrane structure suggest about the origin of Mitochondria? What is the selective advantage to having folds (cristae) in the inner membrane?

Answers Bridge Reaction/Krebs Cycle ETC Glycolysis Their Endosymbiotic Origin Increased Surface Area, more room for ETC

media type="youtube" key="vjpAEeaFzO0" height="315" width="560"

=Glycolysis:= Click for animation and practice questions: http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072507470/student_view0/chapter25/animation__how_glycolysis_works.html

**Glycolysis Video from Khan Academy**
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Multiple Choice Practice:
1. In glycolysis, what molecule and how many form from 1 glucose molecule? 2. How is ATP produced in glycolysis? 3. True or False? Glycolysis only occurs in the presence of O2. 4. What process(es) will the end molecule of glycolysis undergo if O2 is present? 5. What process(es) will the end molecule of glycolysis undergo in the absence of O2? 6. Where do the electrons come from to reduce NAD+ in glycolysis? 7. What is the function of fermentation? 8. Where does glycolysis take place in the cell?

Answers: 1.pyruvate/2 2. Substrate-Level Phosphorylation 3. False 4. Kreb's Cycle and ETC 5. Fermentation 6. Oxidation of Glucose 7. Regenerates NAD+ 8. Cytosol

=Bridge Reaction=

Practice:
1. Where does the Bridge Reaction take place? 2. What are the reactants in the Bridge Reaction? 3. What are the products of the Bridge Reaction? 4. What happens to NAD+ in the Bridge Reaction?

Answers: 1) begins in the cytosol and ends in the inner membrane space of the mitochondrion 2) 2 Pyruvate, 2 coenzymeA, 3) 2 Acetyl CoA, 2 NADH, 2 CO2 4) Reduced to NADH

=Kreb's Cycle= media type="youtube" key="O6bInBQXtmM" height="315" width="560"

Click for animation + practice questions: http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/novella/MixQuizProcessingServlet

Multiple Choice Practice:
1. Where does most of the Kreb's Cycle take place? 2. What is each pyruvate molecule converted to upon entering the organelle for the Kreb's Cycle? 3. How is ATP made directly in the Kreb's Cycle? 4. How many molecules of CO2 are released? 5. What two molecules, reduced in the Kreb's Cycle, will later donate electrons to the ETC? 6. How many "turns" does the Kreb's Cycle undergo to breakdown 1 molecule of glucose?

Answers: 1. Mitochondrion 2. Acetyl CoA 3. Substrate-Level Phosphorylation 4. 3 5. NAD+/FADH 6. 2

=Electron Transport Chain= =media type="youtube" key="g44wSRU5LXY" height="315" width="560"= = = =Electron Transport Chain Questions:=

Answers: inner membrane of mitochondria, ATP synthase, protons going down their gradient, oxygen
More Electron Transport Chain Review Questions/Fill in the blank: 1.) The electron transport chain generates ATP through __(_)__phosphorylation __2.)__ In the electron transport chain (_) ATP are generated for every NADH and (_) ATP are generated for every FADH2 __3.)__ The energy from the electrons in NADH and FADH2 is used to pump (_) from the (_) to the (_). 4.) Pumping these protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane forms a (_) gradient. 5.) Why are electrons passed from one integral protein to the next? 6.) What is the final electron acceptor? Why? 7.) Due to the proton gradient, the mitochondrial matrix has a (low/high) pH and the inner membrane space has a (low/high) pH. 8.) Electrons flow down their concentration gradient through (_) to make ATP. 9.) For each electron that flows down through (__), (_) ATP is/are formed.

10.) What is the name of the first protein in the electron transport chain?
 * bonus*

Answers: 1.) oxidative 2.) 3,2 3.) protons, mitochondrial matrix, inter membrane space (across the inner membrane) 4.) chemiosmotic 5.) Each integral protein is slightly more electronegative then the previous 6.) Oxygen, because it is the most electronegative 7.) high, low 8.) ATP synthase 9.) ATP synthase, 1 10.) NADH dehydrogenase

Fill in information for **the steps of Cell Respiration:**

 * || Glycolysis || Kreb's Cycle || Electron Transport Chain ||
 * Reactants ||  ||   ||   ||
 * Location ||  ||   ||   ||
 * Enzymes used ||  ||   ||   ||
 * Net Products ||  ||   ||   ||
 * Method of Making ATP ||  ||   ||   ||

**Answers:**
2NAD+, 4H+, 4e- || Pyruvate(Acetyl CoA), 2 water molecules, 3NAD+, 6H+, 6e-, ADP, Pi, FAD || 2e-,4e-, ADP, Pi, H+, 1/2 O2 || (double values if want totals for a glucose molecule) || ATP, Water || __**Conversions:**__
 * || Glycolysis || Kreb's Cycle || Electron Transport Chain ||
 * Reactants || 2ATP, Glucose, 4ADP, 4Pi,
 * Location || Cytoplasm of mitochondria || Mitochondrial matrix || Inner Membrane of Mitochondria ||
 * Enzymes used || phosphofructokinase || no specific one needed || atp synthase ||
 * Net Products || 2ATP, Pyruvate, 2NADH || 2CO2, 3NADH, 1FADH2, 1ATP
 * Method of Making ATP || Substrate-Level Phophorylation || Substrate-Level Phosphorylation || Oxidative Phosphorylation ||

**-Electron Transport Chain = 32-34 ATP**
=** TOTAL: 36-38 ATP **=

Mathematical Relationships Practice:
1.) How many carbon dioxide molecules are made in the Bridge Reaction per Glucose Molecule? 2.) How many NADH are made in the Kreb's Cycle for 2 Glucose Molecules? 3.) How many pyruvate molecules are produced during Glycolysis per Glucose Molecule? 4.) How many carbon dioxide molecules are produced during the Kreb's Cylce per Acetyl CoA? 5.) 2 FADH2 and 2 NADH enter the electron transport chain, how many ATP are produced? 6.) What is the net gain of ATP from Glycolysis per Glucose molecule? 7.) One Acetyl CoA molecule goes through the Kreb's Cycle and the Electron Transport Chain. How many ATP are produced? 8.) 2 Glucose molecules go through alcohol fermentation, how may lactate molecules are produced?

Answers: 1-2, 2-12, 3-2, 4-2, 5-10, 6-2, 7-12, 8-4

=__** The Key Differences Between Prokaryote and Eukaryote Cell Respiration: **__= =In Prokaryotes:= -The Kreb's Cycle takes place in the cytosol -Electron Transport Chain and chemiosmosis occur in the plasma membrane

**In Eukaryotes:**
-Electron Transport Chain and chemiosmosis occur in the inner membrane of the mitochondria = = = **Great summary overview of Cell Respiration and Fermentation!** = []
 * -**The Kreb's Cycle takes place in the mitochondrial matrix

=Fermentation= Key points: 1. A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose **without** an electron transport chain; meaning **without** oxygen (anaerobic respiration): the end product is ethyl alcohol or lactic acid 2. By substrate-level phosphorylation of glycolysis: NAD+ and NADH are recycled throughout the process. Look carefully at the diagrams

Alcohol fermentation is used by yeast Lactic acid fermentation is used by fungi/bacteria to make dairy products. And by human muscle cells when there is little oxygen like when sprinting.

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Questions: Highlight for answers 1. During alcohol fermentation 1 Glucose makes **2** ATP, 2 CO2, 2 Ethanol 2. After glycolysis happens there are 2 Pyruvate molecules and 2 ATP 3. In alcool fermentation the 2 pyruvate are converted into 2 acetaldehyde and release 2 CO2 4. How does the lactic acid fermentation recycles 2 NADH to 2NAD+ -- makes 2 Lactate molecules

= __Phosphorylation:__ = 1. Click for animation on oxidative phosphorylation: Oxidative phosphorylation 2. A little crossword

Answers : 1. Inner Membrane 2. Cytoplasm 3. Chemiosmosis 4. ETC   A nice video animations here and here

= __Redox Reactions:__ =

Click for animation + practice questions: []

**Fill in the blank:**
If anyone would rather download the Word document with regular blanks so they can print it out, it's here: //Word bank: oxidation (x2), reduction (x2), oxidized, reduced, higher, lower, "put together", "broken apart", contribute, accept, anabolic, catabolic//
 * (_)is the loss of electrons from a reactant. It is a (_) reaction, meaning that the substance has been (_) and released free energy, so it is now at a (_)potential energy.**
 * (_)is the gain of electrons from a reactant. It is a (_)reaction, meaning that the substance has been (_) and charged up, so it is now at a (_)potential energy.**

(sorry about the weird blanks, wikispaces wouldn't let me make longer blanks)
 * Reducing agents cause (_) and get (_). They (_)electrons.**
 * Oxidizing agents cause (_) and get (_). They (_) electrons.**

Answers: Oxidation is the loss of electrons from a reactant. It is a catabolic reaction, meaning that the substance has been broken apart and released free energy, so it is now at a lower potential energy. Reduction is the gain of electrons from a reactant. It is an anabolic reaction, meaning that the substance has been "put together" and charged up, so it is now at a higher potential energy.

Reducing agents cause reduction and get oxidized. (They contribute electrons). Oxidizing agents cause oxidation and get reduced. (They accept electrons).

I found a good review online~ check it out** []

=Target II: Mastery of Energy Transformations Regarding ATP= Short quizlet set: review of metabolism, thermodynamics, structure of ATP []

Quick Overview of ATP Structure and Energy Cycle:
ATP = sugar **ribose** + nitrogenous base adenine + 3 phosphate groups.


 * || [[image:08_12ATPCycle-L.jpg width="555" height="232"]] ||
 * || [[image:08_12ATPCycle-L.jpg width="555" height="232"]] ||

If it undergoes **hydrolysis** (a **catabolic, exergonic** reaction), it becomes ADP (adenosine diphosphate) + Pi + free energy, because the products are more stable than the original ATP molecule. This free energy is used for cellular work. Energy is also lost to heat.

In order for ADP and Pi to be put back together to form ATP, an **anabolic, endergonic** reaction must occur, absorbing energy. This energy comes from the energy that was released via catabolism, starting the cycle all over again!

Get It? Fill in the Blanks!
Download the Word document: //Word Bank: free energy, endergonic, exergonic, absorbs, releases, ATP, ADP, Pi, water// //Not all the words are used!//
 * The hydrolysis of an ATP molecule is an (_) reaction because it (_) energy.**
 * The combination of (_) and (_) yields ATP via an (_) reaction that (_) energy.**
 * (_) is the portion of a system's energy that can perform work.**

Answers: The hydrolysis of an ATP molecule is an exergonic reaction because it releases energy. The combination of ADP and Pi yields ATP via an endergonic reaction that absorbs energy. Free energy is the portion of a system's energy that can perform work.