O.+Plant+Div.+&+Evol.+(29-30)

//Chapters 29 – 30// 1. Identify and explain several evolutionary adaptations and evolutionary trends of plants. 2. State examples and characteristics of the non-vascular land plants. 3. State examples and characteristics of the seedless vascular plants. 4. Describe alternation of generations life cycle for both non-vascular and seedless vascular plants. 5. State several examples and characteristics of the seed plants. 6. Describe alternation of generations life cycle for both gymnosperms and angiosperms.
 * __ TARGET II: MASTERY OF PLANT DIVERSITY AND CLASSIFICATION __**

Entire Unit Video - media type="youtube" key="Mv97xCA7bAw" height="315" width="560"

__**Sub-Target 1**__

Plant Adaptation/Trend Video





Beginning in the top left with a spore, a spore develops into a threadlike protonema that is single celled and reproduces by mitosis. At this point, the cells are haploid. Next, the haploid protonemata produce buds that grow into gametophores. A gametophore is the gamete producing structure of bryophytes. Each bud has an apical meristem that will generate the gametophores.
 * __ Sub-target 2 __ Bryophytes the seedless and nonvascular plants. - By Jacob Yomtoob**
 * Walk-through of Bryophyte lifecycle based on diagram above- By Jacob Yomtoob**

Next, rain creates a film of water on top of both the male and female gametophytes which can either be seperate or on the same bisexual gametophyte. Flagellated sperm which are haploid and were produced by mitosis will swim from the antheridia (the male structure where they are created) across a thin film of water to the archegonia. At the archegonia they will continue swimming down the vase shaped tube to the egg which was produced there and never leaves. The egg and sperm join to create a 2n diploid zygote.

As the zygote undergoes mitosis it becomes the sporophyte which will be diploid and grow out of the archegnia, It is attatched by a "foot", the seta is the stem like structure and the sporophyte gets much of its nutrients from the gametophyte though it is often green when it is young. The sporophyte, once fully developed with have a capsule at the top. The capsule is where mieosis will occur. Within the capsule, spores are created via mieosis and each spore is haploid. Peristome are tooth like structures that hold together the capsule until it is ready to release spores at which point it will slowly release spores via the wind under dry conditions when peristome open. The sporophytes of both hornworts and mosses contain stomata that aid oxygen exchange while liverworts due not hinting to their evolutionary history.

Same as below, answers at the bottom of worksheet.
 * Quiz on Nonvascular seedless plants by Jacob Yomtoob**

a. Lycophytes b. Bryophytes c. Pterophytes d. Angiophytes
 * 1.** This is the name for non-vascular plants

a. Ferns b. Liverworts c. Hornworts d. Mosses
 * 2.** All of the following are Seedless non-vascular plants except

a. Rhizoids b. Gametophore c. Apical Meristem d. Protonema
 * 3.** This is the name for the branched one cell thick filaments that comprise a germinating moss spore

a. Due to lack of vascular tissue, they are limited to in height. b. The gametophytes are anchored by rhizoids. c. Archegonia are the male reproductive organ while antheridia are the female. d. Since their body parts are too thin, bryophytes cannot support a tall plant.
 * 4.** Which of the following is false regarding bryophytes:


 * True or False**
 * 5.** In bryophytes, the gametophyte stage is the dominant stage of the life cycle.


 * 6.** Bryophytes have flagellated sperm


 * 7.** Eggs remain in the base if the antheridia.


 * 8**. Bryophytes do not require much water to reproduce


 * 9.** Bryophytes can reproduce asexually


 * 10.** Sporophytes are independent of their parental gametophyte.


 * 11.** Spores are produced in the capsule by mieosis.


 * 12.** Stomata are present in hornwort and moss sporophytes and aid air exchange


 * 13.** Mosses can survive in cold and dry habitats by losing their body water and rehydrating in better conditions


 * 14.** Mieosis occurs in the gametophyte of bryophytes


 * 15.** Haploid spores are released from the capsule.


 * Answers**
 * 1 B 2 A 3 D 4 C 5 True 6 True 7 False Archegonia 8 False 9 True 10 False 11 True 12 True 13 True 14 False Sporophyte 15 True**


 * Examples of Nonvascular Seedless Plants**

**Liverworts Phylum Hepatophyta** -Liverworts have livershaped Gametophytes. -They are sometimes described as thalloid because of the flattened shape of their gametophytes. -They have elevated gametophores that look like small trees. - Notice that the sporophyte comes off below the top of the tree-like Gametophyte and cannot be seen without a magnifying glass.

Hornwort sporophyte lack seta and consist entirely of sporangium. Symbiotic relationship with cyanobacteria, often the first to colonize. -sporophytes turn from green to brown when they are about to release spores. Most leaves are only one cell thick though some species have more complex leaves. Here is the target 3 //Who wants to be a millionaire!!//
 * Hornworts Phylum Anthocerophyta **
 * Mosses Phylum Bryophyta **
 * - **Note the diffference between Mosses Phylum Bryophyta and the name commonly used to identify non-vascular plants, bryophytes.
 * __Sub-target 3__ - Josh Weisberg**

True or False quiz about Seedless vascular plants:

1. They have accelerated photosynthesis which causes high reduction of CO2 from the atmosphere and therefore aids global cooling. T

2. They prefer cool, dry forests without direct sunlight. F

3. They were the first plants to grow tall. T

4. They were the first plants to contain Xylem, which transport organic materials, and phloem, which transport water and minerals. F

5. Their sperm require water in order to swim towards the egg of the female gametophyte. T

6. They began to diversify during the Devonian and Carboniferous periods. T

Answers:

1. T 2. F, moist not dry. 3. T 4. F, switch ONLY the descriptions of xylem and phloem 5. T 6. T


 * __The Fern Life cycle__**

Fern Life Cycle Animation

Short summary of the life cycle of a fern: The Fern Life Cycle begins with (1.) spore dispersal, then in order 2. Gametophyte 3. Swimming sperm from the Antheridium fertilize the egg inside the archegonium 4. A new sporophyte grows 5. The mature sporophyte develops sporangium. 6. (1.) The spores are created by meiosis and then released to start all over again.
 * Meiosis only occurs to create the spores, all fern growth happens by mitosis.**

__Subtarget 4-__ -Sam Levin
 * Non-vascular Plant (Bryophyte) Life Cycle (linked to a Penn State professor's blog page with great information about both non-vascular and seedless vascular plants)**


 * Seedless Vascular Plant (Fern) Life Cycle (linked to a University of New Mexico professor's website with information about seedless plants (vascular and non-vascular)**
 * Key terms associated with alternation of generations: **
 * //Sporophyte: generation that produces spores, a diploid plant (2n) that is dominant in all plant clades except bryophytes// **
 * //Gametophyte: generation that produces gametes, a haploid plant (n) that produces gametes that is dominant only in bryophytes// **
 * //Archegonium: female gametophyte, a vessel-shaped plant with an egg cell at the base of the interior, location of fertilization// **
 * //Antheridium: male gametophyte, a tube-shaped plant that releases motile sperm to fertilize egg cell// **
 * //Sporangium: structure in which haploid spores are produced in bryophytes and seedless vascular plants, grows on stalk in bryophytes and under leaves in ferns and other seedless vascular plants// **
 * //Sorus: small, circular structure on the underside of a seedless vascular plant's frond, composed of numerous sporangia// **
 * //Dioecious: plant in which the male and the female gametophyte exist on separate plants// **
 * //Monoecious: plant in which the male and female gametophyte exist on the same plant// **

Quiz on Alternation of Generations By Sam Levin
 * media type="youtube" key="35vPjdTNRU0" height="315" width="420"<---the video is a simplified version of alternation of generations for all plants (not just vascular)**


 * I. Non-vascular plants**
 * 1. What is the dominant generation for a non-vascular plant's life cycle?**


 * A) sporophyte B) gametophyte C) bryophyte D) pteridophyte**
 * 2. The female gametophyte is known as an antheridium. True or false? (If false, correct the statement.)**
 * 3. All of the following regarding the sporophyte generation of a non-vascular plant is true EXCEPT :**


 * A) The sporophyte generation is dependent on the gametophyte B) The sporangium releases spores from the sporophyte plant**


 * C) The sporophyte generation emerges from the male gametophyte D) The foot of the sporophyte absorbs food and water from the gametophyte**
 * 4) Some non-vascular plants possess stomata, pores that allow absorption and release of necessary gases for the plant's life cycle. True or false? (If false, correct the statement.)**
 * 5) Protonemata are the early stage of a non-vascular plant's life cycle, emerging from a _ and producing a _.**


 * A) sporophyte, archegonium B) spore, gametophyte C) spore, sporophyte D) gamete, gametophyte**
 * II. Seedless vascular plants**
 * 1. What is the dominant generation for a seedless vascular plant's life cycle?**


 * A) sporophyte B) gametophyte C) bryophyte D) pteridophyte**
 * 2. A sorus is a cluster of sporangia on the underside of a seedless vascular plant's sporophyll from which spores are released. True or false? (If false, correct the statement.)**
 * 3. Most seedless vascular plants are _, while a few species are _.**


 * A) homozygous, heterozygous B) homosporous, heterosporous C) club mosses, quillworts D) pteridophytes, horsetails**
 * 4) All leaves on a seedless vascular plant are necessarily sporophylls. True or false? (If false, correct the statement.)**
 * 5) The mature gametophyte is _.**


 * A) haploid B) diploid C) triploid D) tetraploid**


 * Answers to Part I: 1. B) 2. false, the female gametophyte is known as an archegonium 3. C) 4. true 5. B)**


 * Answers to Part II: 1. A) 2. true 3. B) 4. false, Some leaves on seedless vascular plants are sporophylls. 5. A)**

**__Sub Target 5__**

Seed Plant Quizlet

use this video to help you complete the seed plant review worksheet: The Characteristics of Seed Plants



__**Sub-Target 6**__
This is the life cycle of an angiosperm and under the picture is a video of the life cycle. media type="youtube" key="H_UyDtaa8Ow" height="315" width="420"

^ quick review of the structure of an angiosperm